Flawed ReasoningDiff: Medium

Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary: The author argues that because nature has more types of cancer-causing chemicals than humans have invented, our inventions can't be blamed for the recent rise in cancer cases.

Conclusion: It is incorrect to believe that the recent increase in cancer rates is caused by synthetic carcinogens.

Reasoning: The variety of synthetic cancer-causing chemicals used in industry is much smaller than the variety of natural cancer-causing chemicals found in the wild.

Analysis: The author makes a classic 'quantity vs. impact' error. Just because there are more types of natural carcinogens doesn't mean they are more prevalent or potent in our daily lives than the synthetic ones. We might be exposed to massive amounts of a few synthetic chemicals, while natural ones might be rare or harmless in the quantities we consume. Look for an answer that points out that the sheer number of types doesn't dictate the level of risk or the cause of a specific trend.

Passage Stimulus

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12.

The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it overlooks the possibility that

Correct Answer
D
D identifies the overlooked possibility: people may be exposed much less to nonsynthetic carcinogens than to synthetic ones. If exposure to synthetics is higher, then even a small number of synthetic compounds could plausibly drive the cancer-rate increase, undermining the conclusion that such an attribution is “absurd.”
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