Parallel ReasoningDiff: Hardest

Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary: Every moral act is a kept promise, and every kept promise is a win-win; however, since some kept promises aren't moral, some win-wins aren't moral either.

Conclusion: Some actions that secure mutual benefit are not actually moral actions.

Reasoning: All moral actions are agreement-keeping, and all agreement-keeping is securing mutual benefit, yet some instances of agreement-keeping are not moral.

Analysis: The structure here is a valid syllogism: All A are B, and all B are C. If we know that some B are not A, it logically follows that some C (the ones that are the non-A version of B) are not A. When looking for a parallel, focus on this nested 'All' relationship followed by a 'Some Not' distinction. The correct answer must maintain this exact logical flow without switching the direction of the categories.

Passage Stimulus

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20.

The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the ethicist's argument?

Correct Answer
E
E matches perfectly: All books → texts (A → B); all texts → documents (B → C); not all texts are books (not all B are A, i.e., some B and not A); therefore some documents are not books (some C and not A).
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