Flawed ReasoningDiff: Medium

Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary: A philosopher claims that because individual scientists look out for themselves, the whole scientific community must be looking out for its own group status instead of just looking for the truth.

Conclusion: The collective actions of the scientific community are primarily aimed at boosting the group's status rather than seeking truth.

Reasoning: Because individual scientists are self-interested and focus on their own careers, their group behavior must also be focused on the group's self-interest.

Analysis: This argument commits a classic 'part-to-whole' fallacy, assuming that what is true of the individuals must also be true of the group. Just because every person in a crowd is trying to get a better view for themselves doesn't mean the crowd as a whole has a collective goal of 'crowd-view enhancement.' We should look for an answer that points out this jump from individual motivations to group-level characteristics. It is a bit cynical to assume scientists only care about their resumes, but the real logical error is the composition flaw.

Passage Stimulus

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18.

The reasoning in the philosopher's argument is flawed because the argument

Correct Answer
B
B correctly identifies the fallacy of composition: it infers something about the scientific community as a whole from premises about individual scientists’ tendencies.
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