Flawed ReasoningDiff: Hardest

Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary: Since tears carry away stress hormones, the act of crying must be a way for the body to lower its stress levels.

Conclusion: Crying must result in a decrease in emotional stress.

Reasoning: Human tears contain the same hormones the body makes during stress, so crying physically removes these hormones from the body.

Analysis: The argument suffers from a classic 'correlation vs. causation' or 'byproduct' flaw. It assumes that because a substance associated with stress is leaving the body, the internal state of stress is also leaving. It’s like saying that because smoke contains the chemicals from a fire, blowing the smoke out of a room will put out the fire. Look for an answer that points out the argument fails to consider that the presence of hormones in tears might just be a symptom of stress rather than the mechanism that regulates it.

Passage Stimulus

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24.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument

Correct Answer
E
E pinpoints the flaw: it takes for granted that substances present whenever a condition occurs (stress hormones during stress) are a cause of that condition, and thus that removing them will reduce the condition.
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