Flawed ReasoningDiff: Medium

Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary:

Conclusion: Doing a terrifying activity repeatedly is an effective way to overcome one's fear of that activity.

Reasoning: Over half of first-time parachuters are terrified, whereas less than one percent of those who have jumped ten or more times report being afraid.

Analysis: The argument suffers from a classic self-selection bias. It assumes that the act of jumping *causes* the fear to vanish, but it ignores the possibility that only the people who weren't that scared to begin with (or who naturally lost their fear quickly) chose to jump ten times. The terrified first-timers likely quit after jump number one! Look for an answer that points out the group of 'ten-time jumpers' is not a representative sample of the 'first-time jumpers.' It's like saying 'marathons make you fast' because everyone at the finish line is running quickly.

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21.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument

Correct Answer
E
Correct. It identifies the selection-bias alternative: people who parachute many times may never have found it frightening, so the evidence doesn’t show that repetition reduces fear.
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