Passage Summary: Ray thinks Cynthia is mistaken about a pothole causing her trunk to pop because the trunk has popped for other reasons in the past.

Conclusion: Cynthia is wrong to believe that hitting a pothole caused her car's trunk to pop open.

Reasoning: The trunk has popped open on several other occasions when the car did not hit any potholes.

Analysis: Ray's logic is quite flawed because he assumes that if an event can happen without a certain cause, then that cause can never be the culprit. Just because a trunk *can* pop due to a faulty latch or a ghost doesn't mean it *didn't* pop this time because of a pothole. You should look for an answer that points out Ray's failure to consider that a single effect can have multiple different causes.