Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary: A doctor thinks a patient's pain came from a pinched nerve. Since a shot that reduces swelling fixed the pain, the doctor concludes the pinched nerve was definitely the culprit.

Conclusion: Pressure on the nerve was the cause of the patient's back and leg pain.

Reasoning: Nerve pressure causes inflammation, which causes pain, and a treatment specifically for inflammation successfully relieved the patient's pain.

Analysis: The doctor is assuming a clean causal chain: Pressure leads to Inflammation, which leads to Pain. The treatment fixed the inflammation, which fixed the pain. However, the argument has a gap: it assumes the cortisone didn't fix the pain through some other mechanism, or that the inflammation wasn't caused by something else entirely. Look for an answer that the doctor *needs* to be true, such as the idea that the inflammation was actually caused by the pressure and not some unrelated factor.

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19.

Which one of the following is an assumption required by the doctor's argument?

Correct Answer
C
If the pain relief occurred merely because of the patient’s belief (placebo), then the relief would not support that inflammation (and thus pressure) caused the pain. Negating (C) destroys the argument’s inference, so (C) is required.
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