Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary: Gandolf thinks any system that tries to stop fighting is okay, but totalitarian regimes stop fighting and they definitely aren't okay, so Gandolf's idea is wrong.

Conclusion: Professor Gandolf's principle—that all political systems aiming to prevent conflict are legitimate—is incorrect.

Reasoning: Totalitarian systems are effective at preventing conflict, yet they are universally considered illegitimate.

Analysis: There is a subtle but critical gap between a system 'aiming' to prevent conflict and a system being 'good at' preventing conflict. Gandolf's principle is about the intent (aiming), but the evidence provided is about the result (being good at it). For the argument to successfully debunk Gandolf, it must assume that totalitarian systems actually have the *aim* of preventing conflict. If they only prevent conflict as a side effect of their quest for power, Gandolf's principle might still be technically true.

Passage Stimulus

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20.

Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?

Correct Answer
C
C fills the crucial gap: to use totalitarian regimes as counterexamples, at least one must aim at preventing conflict. Negation test: if no totalitarian regime has that aim, then the cited illegitimacy does not contradict the aim-based principle, so the argument fails.
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