Passage Summary: Doing bad things hurts others, but it also ends up hurting the person who did the bad thing. The moralist argues that because of this, people only act badly because they don't realize they are hurting themselves, not because they are inherently bad people.

Conclusion: Immoral behavior is the result of not knowing the consequences of one's actions rather than a flaw in one's character.

Reasoning: Immoral acts eventually harm the person who performs them, and people only harm themselves because they are ignorant of the outcome.

Analysis: The moralist is making a huge assumption about human nature: that no one would ever knowingly choose to harm themselves. The argument moves from 'this act hurts the actor' to 'the actor must not have known it would hurt them.' To make this stick, the author requires a premise stating that if a person actually knew an action would be self-harmful, they would never perform it. If you apply the Negation Test and find that people *do* sometimes knowingly harm themselves, the moralist's claim that all such acts stem from ignorance completely falls apart.