Passage Summary: The author argues that because people wouldn't follow a leader unless they thought they'd get something out of it, every leader—even the bad ones—must actually be doing something good for their followers.

Conclusion: Even leaders who are incompetent or malicious provide some benefit to their followers.

Reasoning: People only choose to follow a leader if they believe they have something to gain from doing so.

Analysis: The argument suffers from a classic confusion between subjective belief and objective reality. Just because followers perceive a potential benefit doesn't mean that benefit actually exists or is delivered by the leader. To find a parallel flaw, look for an answer choice that takes someone's internal motivation for an action and concludes that the intended outcome must be a factual reality. It is a bit like saying that because I only buy lottery tickets when I feel I’m going to win, I must actually be getting richer from the lottery.