Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary: A commentator claims that because the average weight of all kids barely changed, it's impossible for there to be a surge in the number of obese kids.

Conclusion: The percentage of children who are obese has not significantly increased.

Reasoning: The average weight of all children has only increased by one pound over the last eight years.

Analysis: This argument suffers from a classic 'average vs. distribution' flaw. An average can remain stable even if the extremes of a group change drastically—for instance, if some children became much heavier while others became slightly lighter. You are looking for an answer choice that uses a lack of change in a general average to incorrectly conclude that there hasn't been a significant shift in a specific sub-category.

Passage Stimulus

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15.

Which one of the following contains flawed reasoning most similar to the flawed reasoning contained in the argument above?

Correct Answer
B
B matches the pattern exactly: from “the average salary has increased only slightly,” it concludes “the proportion of employees with very high salaries must not have increased more than slightly.” That’s the same flawed move from a small mean shift to a small change in an extreme-tail proportion.
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