Logic Breakdown

Passage Summary: Since food co-ops belong to a category of stores that are usually cheaper than average, the author concludes that any specific food co-op must be cheaper than a supermarket.

Conclusion: Shopping at a food co-op is more economical than shopping at a supermarket.

Reasoning: Food co-ops are a type of consumer cooperative, and consumer cooperatives generally offer lower prices than other types of stores.

Analysis: The flaw here is a 'whole-to-part' error combined with a misuse of the word 'usually.' Just because a general category is *usually* cheaper doesn't mean every specific member of that category is cheaper than every member of a different category. To find a parallel analogy, look for an argument that takes a general trend ('most Xs are Y') and applies it as an absolute rule to a specific case ('therefore, this X is Y').

Passage Stimulus

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22.

Which one of the following is most appropriate as an analogy demonstrating that the reasoning in the argument above is flawed?

Correct Answer
C
It mirrors the flawed move: bicycling is a private means, and private means tend to generate more pollution per mile than public means, so a bicyclist must cause more pollution per mile than a bus rider. This wrongly converts a tendency into a definite claim about a specific instance within the category (and in fact the instance is a clear outlier), just like the original.
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